在半导体制造领域,3纳米工艺是继5纳米MOSFET(金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管)技术节点之后的下一次缩小芯片尺寸的工艺。韩国芯片制造商三星于2022年年中开始出货其3纳米栅极全包域(GAA)工艺,被称为3GAA[1][2]。而在2022年12月29日,台湾芯片制造商台积电宣布其3纳米半导体工艺(称为N3)的大规模生产已经开始,并且产量良好[3]。一种升级版的3纳米芯片工艺,名为N3E,可能会在2023年开始生产[4]。美国制造商英特尔计划在2023年开始生产3纳米工艺的芯片[5][6][7]。
三星的3纳米工艺基于GAAFET(全包域场效应晶体管)技术,这是一种多栅MOSFET技术,而台积电的3纳米工艺仍然使用FinFET(翼式场效应晶体管)技术[8],尽管台积电正在研发GAAFET晶体管[9]。具体来说,三星计划使用自己的GAAFET变种,被称为MBCFET(多桥道场效应晶体管)[10]。英特尔的工艺被称为“英特尔3”,没有“纳米”后缀,将使用改进、增强和优化版本的FinFET技术,以提高性能与功耗比、使用EUV光刻技术,以及提高功耗和面积的性能[11]。
“3纳米”这个术语与晶体管的实际物理特征(如栅极长度、金属间距或栅极间距)无关。根据IEEE标准协会工业协会发布的《国际器件与系统路线图》2021年更新中的预测,3纳米工艺节点预计具有48纳米的栅极间距和24纳米的最紧凑金属间距。
工艺 | 栅极间距 | 金属间距 | 年份 |
---|---|---|---|
5 nm | 51 nm | 30 nm | 2020 |
3 nm | 48 nm | 24 nm | 2022 |
2 nm | 45 nm | 20 nm | 2024? |
然而,在实际商业实践中,“3 纳米”主要被各个微芯片制造商用作市场推广术语,用来指代一代新的、改进的硅半导体芯片,其特点是晶体管密度增加(即更高程度的微型化)、速度提高和功耗降低[13][14]。不同制造商之间并没有关于什么数字定义了3纳米工艺的行业共识。通常,芯片制造商会将其自己的前一代工艺节点(在这种情况下是5纳米工艺节点)作为比较基准。例如,TSMC已经表示,其3纳米FinFET芯片在相同速度下将减少25-30%的功耗,相同功耗下速度提高10-15%,晶体管密度比其前一代5纳米FinFET芯片提高约33%[15][16]。另一方面,三星表示,其3纳米工艺将减少45%的功耗,性能提高23%,并减少16%的表面积,相对于其前一代5纳米工艺[17]。在3纳米工艺下,EUV光刻面临新的挑战,这导致需要使用多重光刻技术[18]。
历史:
2017年9月29日,台积电宣布未来3纳米(nm)制程晶圆厂,落脚台湾台南市的南部科学工业园区,预计最快2022年量产。台积电于2020年第一季宣布3纳米制程将在2021年试产,并在2022下半年正式量产,其3纳米制程将继续采用FinFET(鳍式场效晶体管)。
2019年5月,三星表示其3纳米产品预计于2021年推出[3]。此后由于受到2019冠状病毒病疫情影响,三星的3纳米制程推出时程被延后到了2022年。
Intel在2019年泄漏的路线图显示,其3纳米制程预计在2025年推出。
2022年7月25日,三星宣布推出首款3纳米制程芯片,采用GAA FET(闸极全环场效晶体管)技术
据介绍,相较5nm N5工艺,相同功耗下,台积电3nm N3性能可提高10-15%;相同性能下,N3功耗可降低25-30%;N3的逻辑密度、SRAM密度、模拟密度分别是N5的1.7倍、1.2倍、1.1倍。
同时,台积电总裁魏哲家宣布,台积电已整合旗下包括SoIC、InFO、CoWoS等3D封装技术平台,命名为台积电3D Fabric。
台积电高级副总裁Kevin Zhang和Y.P. Chin在预先录制的视频中提到,台积电正在其总部旁边正建设一个专注于2nm芯片研发的新研发中心,拥有8000名工程师,将运营一条先进的生产线,该项目的第一阶段将于2021年完成。
作为全球晶圆代工「一号玩家」,从台积电的分享,我们可以看到全球先进制程最前沿的芯片制造技术风向。
台积电介绍了5nm N5、N5P、N4工艺以及3nm N3工艺的PPA优化情况。
据悉,台积电5nm N5工艺广泛采用了EUV技术。相较7nm N7工艺,台积电N5工艺在相同功耗下的性能提高了15%,在相同性能下的功耗降低了30%,逻辑密度为N7的1.8倍。
台积电还提到,N5的缺陷密度学习曲线比N7快,这意味着5nm工艺将比其上一节点能更快地达到更高的良率。
N5P和N4属于5nm N5的增强版本。
N5P主要面向高性能应用,计划在2021年投入使用。与N5相比,同等功耗下,N5P的性能可提高5%;同等性能下,N5P的功耗可降低10%。
由于与N5节点在IP上兼容,因此台积电的5nm N4工艺可提供直接迁移,性能、功耗和密度均有所增强。台积电计划在2021年第四季度开始N4风险生产,目标是在2022年实现大批量生产。
相比5nm N5节点,台积电3nm N3在相同功耗下的性能可提高10-15%,在相同性能下的功耗可降低25-30%;逻辑密度提高70%,SRAM密度提高20%,模拟密度提高10%。
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